Number of words – 178 The concept of double entry bookkeeping was codified in the 15th century by Friar Luca Paacioli, a collaborator of Leonardo da Vinci. Although, there were earlier experiments with it, he introduced it by stating that a successful merchant needs three things: sufficient cash or credit, good bookkeepers and an accounting … Read more

Number of words – 146 For example, suppose you are eating dinner in a restaurant and a man who appears to be in his mid-50s, dressed in a well tailored suit, walks in accompanied by a much younger woman, dressed in jeans and a T shirt. They look vaguely alike, and you immediately decide that … Read more

Number of words – 590 The design of the keyboard has a long and peculiar history. Early typewriters experimented with a wide variety of layouts, using three basic themes. One was circular, with the letters laid out alphabetically; the operator would find the proper spot and depress a lever, lift a rod, or do whatever … Read more

Number of words – 404 When automation fails, it often does so without warning. This is a situation I have documented very thoroughly in my other books and many of my papers, as have many other people in the field of safety and automation. When the failure occurs, the human is “out of the loop.” … Read more

Number of words – 151 Resilience engineering is a paradigm for safety management that focuses on how to help people cope with complexity under pressure to achieve success. It strongly contrasts with what is typical today—a paradigm of tabulating error as if it were a thing, followed by interventions to reduce this count. A resilient … Read more

Number of words – 268 Accidents usually have multiple causes, whereby had any single one of those causes not happened, the accident would not have occurred. The British accident researcher James Reason describes this through the metaphor of slices of Swiss cheese: unless the holes all line up perfectly, there will be no accident. This … Read more

Number of words – 534 Multitasking, whereby we deliberately do several tasks simultaneously, erroneously appears to be an efficient way of getting a lot done. It is much beloved by teenagers and busy workers, but in fact, all the evidence points to severe degradation of performance, increased errors, and a general lack of both quality … Read more

Number of words – 545 Checklists are powerful tools, proven to increase the accuracy of behavior and to reduce error, particularly slips and memory lapses. They are especially important in situations with multiple, complex requirements, and even more so where there are interruptions. With multiple people involved in a task, it is essential that the … Read more

Number of words – 397 In commercial installations, the pressure to keep systems running is immense. Considerable money might be lost if an expensive system is shut down. Operators are often under pressure not to do this. The result has at times been tragic. Nuclear power plants are kept running longer than is safe. Airplanes … Read more