Number of words: 251 Karl also had plenty of anecdotes to underline why indirect reciprocity is just as relevant to everyday life as the direct version of reciprocity. He pointed out that the Rothschild family had protected the investments of their English clients during the Napoleonic Wars. They were under intense pressure to give them … Read more
Number of words: 625 Exploring the indirect form of reciprocity is important because it is critical for society. Direct reciprocity—“I’ll scratch your back and you scratch mine”— operates well within small groups of people, or in villages where there is at ightknit community where it would be hard to get away with cheating one another. … Read more
Number of words: 691 Now Karl and I could sit back and watch the strategies slug it out in our creation over thousands and thousands of generations. Our fervent hope was that one strategy would emerge victorious. Even though no evolutionary trajectory ever quite repeated itself, there were overall patterns and consistency in what we … Read more
Number of words: 324 The bats are one often cited example of direct reciprocity in nature. Another can be found on coral reefs, where fish of all kinds visit “cleaning stations” where they are scrubbed of parasites by smaller varieties of fish and by shrimps: the former get cleaned of pesky parasites and the latter … Read more
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