Number of words: 531 Relativity theory has made the structure of electrodynamics much more elegant by unifying the concepts of both charges and currents and electric and magnetic fields. Since all motion is relative, every charge can also appear as a current-in a frame of reference where it moves with respect to the observer -and … Read more
Number of words: 531 The creation and destruction of material particles is one of the most impressive consequences of the equivalence of mass and energy. In the collision processes of high-energy physics, mass is no longer conserved. The colliding particles can be destroyed and their masses may be transformed partly into the masses, and partly … Read more
Number of words: 455 When we study the universe as a whole, with its millions of galaxies, we have reached the largest scale of space and time; and again, at that cosmic level, we discover that the universe is not static-it is expanding! This has been one of the most important discoveries in modern astronomy. … Read more
Number of words: 278 The intimate link between space and time was well known in astronomy, in a different context, long before relativity theory. Astronomers and astrophysicists deal with extremely large distances, and here again the fact that light needs some time to travel from the observed object to the observer is important. Because of … Read more
Number of words: 318 Since space and time are now reduced to the subjective role of the elements of the language a particular observer uses for his or her description of natural phenomena, each observer will describe the phenomena in a different way. To abstract some universal natural laws from their descriptions, they have to … Read more
Number of words: 473 The precise mathematical form of this relation between the uncertainties of position and momentum of a particle is known as Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation, or uncertainty principle. It means that, in the subatomic world, we can never know both the position and momentum of a particle with great accuracy. The better we … Read more
Number of words: 125 Particles moving in wave patterns do not exist in nature. In a water wave, for example, the water particles do not move along with the wave but move in circles as the wave passes by. Similarly, the air particles in a sound wave merely oscillate back and forth, but do not … Read more
Number of words: 261 To experience the unification of seemingly separate entities in a higher dimension we do not need relativity theory. It can also be experienced by going from one to two dimensions, or from two to three. In the example of a circular motion and its projection given opposite the opposite poles of … Read more
Number of words: 191 The dynamic unity of polar opposites can be illustrated with the simple example of a circular motion and its projection. Suppose you have a ball going round a circle. If this movement is projected on to a screen, it becomes an oscillation between two extreme points. The ball goes round the … Read more
Number of words: 301 The crucial feature of atomic physics is that the human observer is not only necessary to observe the properties of an object, but is necessary even to define these properties. In atomic physics, we cannot talk about the properties of an object as such. They are only meaningful in the context … Read more
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